George A. Fitch, Lewis S. C. Smythe, and James McCallum filed affidavits with their diaries and letters. [85] Instead, they wore trousers tied with a string. The death toll reckoned at the Nanking War Crimes Tribunal, is the official estimate engraved on the stone wall at the entrance of the "Memorial Hall for Compatriot Victims of the Japanese Military's Nanking Massacre" in Nanjing. [citation needed], This nationalist view does not, however, represent a widely shared understanding of what happened at Nanjing, as illustrated by Japanese textbooks' rather different treatment of the atrocity. He would later state that he had seen tank guns used on bound soldiers. [9], On December 12, under heavy artillery fire and aerial bombardment, General Tang Sheng-chi ordered his men to retreat. Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.[21]. There are no official numbers for the death toll . The girl was 14 years old. An official from South Korea said they would summon the Tokyo ambassador to protest. [7] By mid-November, the Japanese had captured Shanghai with the help of naval and aerial bombardment. Anger over the events at Nanking . In 2005, John Rabe's former residence in Nanjing was renovated and now accommodates the ". Bergamini, David, "Japan's Imperial Conspiracy," William Morrow, New York; 1971. Whether Asaka ordered the Rape, or simply stood by as it happened, is disputed, but he took no action to stop the carnage. Mrs. Hsia was dragged out from under a table in the guest hall where she had tried to hide with her 1-year-old baby. [12] Consequently, Askew estimates that the true number of corpses buried in and around Nanking was 17,500,[21] whereas military historian Masahiro Yamamoto puts the number at 43,000. Photo in the album taken in Nanjing by Itou Kaneo of the Kisarazu Air Unit of the Imperial Japanese Navy, A picture of a dead child. According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time:[12]. The death toll of civilians is difficult to precisely calculate due to the many bodies deliberately burnt, buried in mass graves, or dumped into the Yangtze River. Then the soldier stabbed the fetus, with its umbilical cord clearly visible, and tossed it aside. Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese Imperial Army marched from Shanghai to the Chinese capital city of Nanking, and though a large number of Chinese POWs and civilians were slaughtered by the Japanese following their entrance into Nanking on . Historical revisionists and nationalists in Japan have been accused of minimizing or denying the massacre. Durdin, F. Tillman. The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as mass . These figures also do not take into account those persons whose bodies were destroyed by burning, drowning or other means, or whose bodies were interred in mass graves. Instead of refuting the allegations, the interviewed veterans confirmed that a massacre had taken place and openly described and admitted to taking part in the atrocities. Groups of Chinese civilians were formed, bound with their hands behind their backs, and marched outside the walls of the city where they were killed in groups by machine gun fire and with bayonets. especially offenses against prisoners of war.[91]. One mosque was found destroyed and others found to be "filled with dead bodies." If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. Durdin stated "[i]t should be said that certain Japanese units exercised restraint and that certain Japanese officers tempered power with generosity and commission," but continued "the conduct of the Japanese army as a whole in Nanjing was a blot on the reputation of their country". Nanjing Death Toll Graph. THE RAPE OF NANKING OR NANJING MASSACRE 5 The judges of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (also known as the Tokyo War Crimes Trials) were prepared to accept that at least 200,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were slaughtered by the Japanese in the six weeks after Nanking fell.The judges were also prepared to accept that the death toll would be much higher if . Many historians including Kasahara view incidents like these where the Japanese fired upon retreating troops to be atrocities, whereas Hata sees them as extensions of combat and not massacres. [66], The Hui people, a minority Chinese group, the majority of them Muslim, suffered as well during the massacre. ", "Case 14 On December 16, seven girls (ages ranged from 16 to 21) were taken away from the Military College. The Nanjing Massacre (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Nnjng Dtsh, Japanese: , romanized: Nankin Daigyakusatsu) or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the Battle of Nanking in the Second Sino . [67], Soon after the fall of the city, Japanese troops made a thorough search for Chinese soldiers and summarily arrested thousands of young Chinese men. Pikankan means, "Let's see a woman open up her legs." Two bayoneted corpses are the only survivors of seven street cleaners who were sitting in their headquarters when Japanese soldiers came in without warning or reason and killed five of their number and wounded the two that found their way to the hospital. [136] According to him, "of the two, however, the Great Massacre School is clearly the more sophisticated, counting among its members a large number of academics who bring a great deal of authority to their findings. "[70][71], Ralph L. Phillips, a missionary, testified to the U.S. State Assembly Investigating Committee, that he was "forced to watch while the Japs disembowled a Chinese soldier" and "roasted his heart and liver and ate them. The Japanese school doesn't teach the history from the 'common' history perspective.. [108][109], According to documents in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, at least 300,000 Chinese were killed. A Japanese hotelier's denial of a 1937 massacre by Japanese troops in the Chinese city of Nanjing has prompted Chinese social media calls for a boycott of travel to Japan, threatening tourist . Only since the 1990s, through the revisionist Patriotic Education Campaign, the massacre has become a national memory as an episode of the "Century of Humiliation" prior to the communist founding of a "New China". Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), 382384. Men, women and children were killed in uncounted numbers throughout the city. The capacity of the hospital was normally one hundred and eighty beds, and this was kept full to overflowing during this entire period. Some right-wing Japanese politicians have downplayed the death toll or denied outright that the Nanking atrocity happened. In August 1937, the Japanese army invaded Shanghai, where they met strong resistance and suffered heavy casualties. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1949. [84], In late January 1938, the Japanese army forced all refugees in the Safety Zone to return home, immediately claiming to have "restored order". This novel has been translated into Chinese and Russian. Some other Japanese military leaders in charge at the time of the Nanjing Massacre were not tried only because by the time of the tribunals they had either already been killed or committed seppuku (ritual suicide). . The Japanese army mounted its assault on the Nanjing walls from multiple directions; the SEF's 16th Division attacked three gates on the eastern side, the 6th Division of the 10A launched its offensive on the western walls, and the SEF's 9th Division advanced into the area in-between. Asaka denied the existence of any massacre and claimed never to have received complaints about the conduct of his troops.[119]. Table of Content Show Japan's invasion of Chinese . Some victims of the Nanking Massacre were thrown into mass, unmarked graves; others were just left to rot in the sun. [16][17] The 1944 film, The Battle of China, stated that 40,000 were killed in the Nanking Massacre. [98] Tomio Hora supports the information found in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which estimates a death toll of at least 200,000. [20] In 1938 the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party reported the total death toll at 42,000 massacred. I watched with my own eyes as they looted the caf of our German baker Herr Kiessling. I personally feel sorry for the tragedies to the people, but the Army must continue unless China repents. [19] The same month a representative of the Nationalist Government of China claimed that the Japanese had killed 20,000 civilians during the Nanking Massacre. "[168] Recognizing the Nanjing Massacre as such can be viewed in some circles in Japan as "Japan-bashing" (in the case of foreigners) or "self-flagellation" (in the case of Japanese). Rape! Languages. Other Japanese military leaders in charge at the time of the Nanjing Massacre were not tried. As the Japanese army approached Nanjing, most of them fled the city, leaving 27 foreigners. [124] Kasahara said that if there was a full investigation of the massacre, many other high ranking authorities, which include higher level commanders, army leaders and emperor Hirohito, could have been implicated. [58], The official stance of the People's Republic of China is that 300,000 or more Chinese were massacred in Nanking. [75], Rabe wrote that, from time to time, the Japanese would enter the Safety Zone at will, carry off a few hundred men and women, and either summarily execute them or rape and then kill them. [122][123], Hisao Tani, a lieutenant general for the 6th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army, was tried by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal in China. The soldiers of . [155], The memory of the Nanjing Massacre has been a point of contention in Sino-Japanese relations since the early 1970s. 83 and 85 on Canton Road. More than 30 women and girls have been raped. Tang gathered about 100,000 soldiers, largely untrained, including Chinese troops who had participated in the Battle of Shanghai. Myth: The Nanjing Massacre has always been important to China. [17], In 2005, a Tokyo district judge dismissed a suit by the families of the lieutenants, stating that "the lieutenants admitted the fact that they raced to kill 100 people" and that the story cannot be proven to be clearly false. In what is known as the Nanking Massacre, Japanese soldiers systematically raped thousands of Chinese women and girls of all ages. Women and girls were raped en masse and looting was widespread. This created panic in the area and hundreds of women moved into the Ginling College campus yesterday. We come across corpses every 100 to 200 yards. Hs Shuhsi, ed. The bodies of civilians that I examined had bullet holes in their backs. They were bored, angry, frustrated, tired. However, they feared that speaking out openly "would be detrimental to their careers. The massacre began the same day, with Japanese troops running entirely unchecked. All of them were hanged on 23 December 1948. In regards to the Nanjing Massacre, Japanese authorities deliberately concealed wartime records, eluding confiscation from American authorities. However, most scholars and historians consider the number to be more than 12,000 victims. "Case 5 On the night of December 14th, there were many cases of Japanese soldiers entering houses and raping women or taking them away. Recent Historical Writings on the Rape of Nanjing", This page was last edited on 31 December 2022, at 03:33. Non-Japanese historians are prepared to accept that the slaughter at Nanking . The younger girl was bayoneted also but was spared the horrible treatment that had been meted out to her sister and mother. government archives, much of which was from the period 19421945. Iris Chang, author of the Rape of Nanjing (book), wrote one of the most comprehensive accounts of Japanese war atrocities in China. [94] Wakabayashi concludes that estimates of over 200,000 are not credible. David Askew, "The Scale of Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing: An Examination of the Burial Records," Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, June 2004, 710. "[1], One-third of the city was destroyed as a result of arson. The massacre camp generally supports the Tokyo War Crimes Trials figure of "upwards of 100,000" deaths; skeptics claim 15,000 to 50,000, while others venture only up to 10,000. The women and children are crying all nights. [29], The Japanese either destroyed or concealed important documents, severely reducing the amount of evidence available for confiscation. [71] In The Cambridge History of China, historian Lloyd Eastman asserted that the death toll was "at least 42,000",[72] whereas military officer Frank Dorn wrote in his book The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-41 that the death toll was "over 200,000 civilians". Nanking Massacre death toll. Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese Imperial Army marched from Shanghai to the Chinese capital city of Nanking, and though a large number of Chinese POWs and civilians were slaughtered by the Japanese following their entrance into Nanking on December 13, 1937, the precise number remains unknown. [127], On October 9, 2015, Documents of the Nanjing Massacre have been listed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. The total death toll of the Nanking Massacre is a highly contentious subject in Chinese and Japanese historiography. The majority of the bodies were dumped directly into the Yangtze River. We thus have a total of more than 300,000 victims. At the Tokyo Tribunal of War Criminals, the Nanking Massacre death toll was presented either as "more than . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East was convened at "Ichigaya Court," formally Imperial Japanese Army HQ building in Ichigaya, Tokyo. Some Japanese scholars claim that the numbers are greatly exaggerated, and that the actual toll is somewhere from 40,000 to only several . Answer (1 of 16): 1. Another piece of evidence that was submitted to the tribunal was Harold Timperley's telegram regarding the Nanjing Massacre which had been intercepted and decoded by the Americans on January 17, 1938. Many innocent men were misidentified and killed.[1]. A vocational college teacher was fired after a video of her questioning the true death toll of the Nanjing Massacre surfaced online, triggering a wave of backlash on social media platforms over the statement. . In July 1937 war broke out in northern China between China and Japan, and by August the fighting had spread to the city of Shanghai. She gave a final scream as her intestines spilled out. The four horsemen of denial. [18], Another early estimate was that of China's state-run Central News Agency, which reported in February 1938 that the Japanese had slaughtered 60,000 to 70,000 POWs in Nanking. [18] However, in a 1942 speech Chiang Kai-shek raised that figure to "over 200,000 civilians". Yoshida argues that "Nanjing crystallizes a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression. [59] However, Jean-Louis Margolin does not believe that the Nanjing atrocities should be considered a genocide because only prisoners of war were executed in a systematic manner and the targeting of civilians was sporadic and done without orders by individual actors. Their stories and those of the German residents tell of the city having fallen into the hands of the Japanese as captured prey, not merely taken in the course of organized warfare but seized by an invading army whose members seemed to have set upon the prize to commit unlimited depredations and violence. It referred to the Nanjing massacre as an "incident", and glossed over the issue of comfort women. [86], Ono Kenji, a chemical worker in Japan, curated a collection of wartime diaries from Japanese veterans who fought in the Battle of Nanking in 1937. [42] He argued that Chinese soldiers who had thrown away their uniforms were legally executed because the laws of war at the time did not apply to them, though this line of reasoning is hotly disputed by other historians. The contest continued because neither had killed 100 people. 200,000 (consensus), estimates range from 40,000 to over 300,000. Matsui returned to retirement, but Prince Asaka remained on the Supreme War Council until the end of the war in August 1945. [76], By February 5, 1938, the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone had forwarded to the Japanese embassy a total of 450 cases of murder, rape, and general disorder by Japanese soldiers that had been reported after the American, British and German diplomats had returned to their embassies:[77], It is said that Rabe rescued between 200,000 and 250,000 Chinese people.[78][79]. The U.S., which served as the melting pot of cultures and is home to descendants of members of both Chinese and Japanese cultures, took up the mantle of investigator for the victimized Chinese. Currently, the most reliable and widely agreed upon figures place the massacre victims within Nanjing City Walls to be around 40,000, mostly massacred in the first five days from December 13, 1937; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000. Although Koizumi denied that he was trying to glorify war or historical Japanese militarism, the Chinese Foreign Ministry accused Koizumi of "wrecking the political foundations of China-Japan relations". [18][33] Though Ikuhiko Hata has also used Japanese military records to calculate the death toll of the massacre, he does not account for exaggeration as Itakura did. In the museum adjacent to the shrine, a panel informs visitors that there was no massacre in Nanjing, but that Chinese soldiers in plain clothes were "dealt with severely". The results of the survey were published in the association's magazine, Kaiko, in 1985 along with an admission and apology that read, "Whatever the severity of war or special circumstances of war psychology, we just lose words faced with this mass illegal killing. Please give us help. The first type of source is oral history, but he calls this "the most problematic methodology in researching the incident" due in part to large discrepancies between the testimony of Japanese and Chinese eyewitnesses. [40], However, the expansion of the definition of the Nanking Massacre to include areas outside of Nanking has not been without controversy. [56], In the early 1970s, Japanese historian Hora's estimate of 200,000 massacre victims was challenged for the first time by the journalist Akira Suzuki, who suggested that "several tens of thousands" had been killed. "[91] However, Masahiro Yamamoto printed a rebuttal of Gluck's statement in his book Nanking: Anatomy of an Atrocity, arguing that "To determine the extent and nature of [Japan's] responsibility, the 'numerological arguments about the death count and distinctions of comparative atrocities,' which [Gluck] termed as irrelevant to the moral question, are essential. Few numbers have caused such scholarly debate as the death toll estimates of the Nanking Massacre. For 17 December:[49]. The tribunal determined that more than 200,000 people were killed in Nanjing. In late December 1937 and early January 1938, the Imperial Japanese Army perpetrated one of the most horrific war crimes of the World War II era. On December 1, 1937, Nanjing Mayor Ma Chaochun ordered all Chinese citizens remaining in Nanjing to move into the "Safety Zone." [citation needed], The government of Japan believes it can not be denied that the killing of a large number of noncombatants, looting and other acts by the Japanese army occurred. Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre Last updated May 04, 2022. Eyewitness accounts include testimonies of expatriates engaged in humanitarian work (mostly physicians, professors, missionary and businessmen), journalists (both Western and Japanese), as well as the field diaries of military personnel. [21], After the end of the war between China and Japan in 1945, these estimates were in turn supplanted by the findings of two war crime trials, the International Military Tribunal of the Far East and the Nanking War Crimes Tribunal. The first three weeks were more intense. [36], From December 13, 1937, the Japanese Army engaged in random murder, wartime rape, looting, arson, and other war crimes. [34], In reference to the greatly divergent ways in which various scholars have delineated the massacre, Askew has affirmed that the debate on the death toll "is meaningless if two completely different definitions are being used". [21], Then in 1997 Kasahara formulated a definition between the two. The Nanking Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, was an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanki. Day, with Japanese troops running entirely unchecked hanged on 23 December 1948 time [. 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Same day, with Japanese troops running entirely unchecked determined that more than 300,000 victims moved! 12,000 victims filled with dead bodies. must continue unless China repents `` over 200,000 ''. Criminals, the Japanese had captured Shanghai with the help of naval and bombardment!
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