Government Relations to Science -- Past and Future. These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. This board should be composed of disinterested scientists who have no connection with the affairs of any Government agency. by Richard C. Atkinson Publication Washington, D.C., National Science Foundation, 1980 Note "July 1945." "Reprinted as part of the thirtieth anniversary observation of the National Science Foundation, 1950-1980"--Cover This is of the utmost importance. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. Through the Land Grant College acts the Government has supported research in state institutions for more than 80 years on a gradually increasing scale. Subscribe to receive 40% off your first order, plus a free ebook or audiobook. The trend is unlikely to be driven by changes in citation practices or the quality of published work. Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. I am convinced that these new functions should be centered in one agency. It is in keeping with the American tradition -- one which has made the United States great -- that new frontiers shall be made accessible for development by all American citizens. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. There are some notable exceptions, it is true, but even in such cases it is rarely possible to match the universities in respect to the freedom which is so important to scientific discovery. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. SPEDIZIONE GRATUITA su ordini idonei Save Cancel CONTENTS Preface 1: Introduction 2: Pathways to Leadership Then and Now 3: Responding to an Evolving Research Enterprise 4: Science and the Public 5: Science and Philanthropy The members of the committees have reviewed the recommendations in regard to the single mechanism and have found this plan thoroughly acceptable. 1,160. - Studies by the several committees provide a partial basis for making an estimate of the order of magnitude of the funds required to implement the proposed program. 3. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. Oxford OX2 6JX Industry learned many years ago that basic research cannot often be fruitfully conducted as an adjunct to or a subdivision of an operating agency or department. View at Internet Archive. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to sciences very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. Science only lives, and progresses, when the status quo is regularly attacked, and disrupted. Stay connected for new books and special offers. There must be more -- and more adequate -- military research during peacetime. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. Generally speaking, the scientific agencies of Government are not so concerned with immediate practical objectives as are the laboratories of industry nor, on the other hand, are they as free to explore any natural phenomena without regard to possible economic applications as are the educational and private research institutions. The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. The Divisions should be responsible to the Members of the Foundation for -. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. But these things do not mark the end of progress -- they are but the beginning if we make full use of our scientific resources. Holts introduction takes seriously the idea that the United States is a democracy, and that scientists have a specific role to play in that democracy, which is not the same thing as saying that scientists should control science policy. We submit, however, that the nation's need for more and better scientific research is such that the risk must be accepted. This is, largely, the product of three factors -- the free play of initiative of a vigorous people under democracy, the heritage of great national wealth, and the advance of science and its application. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. These uncertainties arise from lack of clarity of the tax law as to the proper treatment of such costs. No one can select from the bottom those who will be the leaders at the top because unmeasured and unknown factors enter into scientific, or any, leadership. By. Further progress requires that the entire front of medicine and the underlying sciences of chemistry, physics, anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, bacteriology, pathology, parasitology, etc., be broadly developed. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. Universities may forgo the focus on quantity, and more strongly reward research quality 56 , and perhaps more fully subsidize year-long sabbaticals. I dont think Id ever read the whole of the famous Bush document before, and it was interesting to see how he made the pitch . - In order to insure that men of great competence and experience may be designated as Members of the Foundation and as members of the several professional Divisions, the legislation creating the Foundation should contain specific authorization so that the Members of the Foundation and the Members of the Divisions may also engage in private and gainful employment, notwithstanding the provisions of any other laws: provided, however, that no compensation for such employment is received in any form from any profit-making institution which receives funds under contract, or otherwise, from the Division or Divisions of the Foundation with which the individual is concerned. 6. The chief executive officer of the Foundation should be a director appointed by the Members. If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice . For many years the Government has wisely supported research in the agricultural colleges and the benefits have been great. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. Only in the creation of one over-all mechanism rather than several does this report depart from the specific recommendations of the committees. Don't Bite the Sun by Tanith Lee (1977) The unnamed narrator and the other human inhabitants of the desert world's three cities are free to enjoy virtually every creature comfort they can . Government scientific agencies have splendid records of achievement, but they are limited in function. There have been numerous cases of independent discovery of the same truth in different places. It results in general knowledge and an understanding of nature and its laws. To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. China's rise in science has the potential to push forward the global frontier, but mere production of knowledge does not guarantee that others are able to build on it. Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. Science, the endless frontier : a report to the President, Vannevar Bush Creator Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Summary This influential report described science as "a largely unexplored hinterland" that would provide the "essential key" to the economic prosperity of the post World War II years Language eng Work Publication Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. The Government has only begun to utilize science in the nation's welfare. Basic scientific research should not, therefore, be placed under an operating agency whose paramount concern is anything other than research. One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. Government initiative, support, and coordination can be very effective in this development phase. Recommendation of arrangements with State and local authorities in regard to cooperation in a program of science scholarships and fellowships. To adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the legislation and the policies and practices of the Foundation. Phone: +44 1993 814500 There is one other matter which requires special mention. July 1945. These uncertainties are also attributable to the existence of certain abuses, which have appeared in the use of patents. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in . Even if it be shown subsequently that he has not what it takes to go to the top, he will go further than he would otherwise go if there had been a ceiling beyond which he always knew he could not aspire. Recommendation of appropriate arrangements between the Foundation and the organizations selected to carry on the program. Like troops, the scientists have been mobilized, and thrown into action to serve their country in time of emergency. The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. But to achieve these objectives -- to secure a high level of employment, to maintain a position of world leadership -- the flow of new scientific knowledge must be both continuous and substantial. Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush | The American Biology Teacher | University of California Press Volume 25, Issue 3 March 1963 Previous Article Next Article Book Review | March 01 1963 Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Rights and permissions. To obtain and utilize the services of other Government agencies to the extent that such agencies are prepared to render such services. Industry is generally inhibited by preconceived goals, by its own clearly defined standards, and by the constant pressure of commercial necessity. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. Responsibility to the people, through the President and Congress, should be placed in the hands of, say nine Members, who should be persons not otherwise connected with the Government and not representative of any special interest, who should be known as National Research Foundation Members, selected by the President on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the purposes of the Foundation. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. Those ready for college training in the sciences have not been permitted to enter upon that training. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. One of the most important factors affecting the amount of industrial research is the income-tax law. Author (s) Praise 18. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. you will be expected to follow Georgia Tech's guidelines for crediting the works of others and to use an appropriate citation system to do . Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. Hoorah for Holt, for having the courage to take on this important, timely issue. 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