This chapter discusses different means of reusing mapping configurations for several mapping methods: "inheritance" of configuration from other methods and sharing central configuration between multiple mapper types. The option DEFAULT is synonymous to ACCESSOR_ONLY. Write the conversion method. @InheritInverseConfiguration cannot refer to methods in a used mapper. Between java.time.ZonedDateTime, java.time.LocalDateTime, java.time.LocalDate, java.time.LocalTime from Java 8 Date-Time package and String. element types exists, then this conversion will be done in Stream#map(). Mapping method using a default expression, Example 78. When importing a Maven project configured as shown above, it will set up the MapStruct annotation processor so it runs right in the IDE, whenever you save a mapper type. In both cases the required annotations will be added to the generated mapper implementations classes in order to make the same subject to dependency injection. a suffix needs to be applied to map from the source into the target enum. Third-Party API Integration with Lombok. and the default value for them when mapping from null is UNSPECIFIED. When using a constructor then the names of the parameters of the constructor will be used and matched to the target properties. Person With Constructor Mapper definition, Example 22. When performing a mapping MapStruct checks if there is a builder for the type being mapped. element as shown in the following: If a mapping from a Stream to an Iterable or an array is performed, then the passed Stream will be consumed Parameters annotated with @Context are populated with the context parameters of the mapping method. If the @BeforeMapping / @AfterMapping method has parameters, the method invocation is only generated if the return type of the method (if non-void) is assignable to the return type of the mapping method and all parameters can be assigned by the source or target parameters of the mapping method: A parameter annotated with @MappingTarget is populated with the target instance of the mapping. It will not work with older versions. parameters and constructing a new target bean. One use case for this is JAXB which creates ObjectFactory classes for obtaining new instances of schema types. In case of different name, we can use @ValueMapping annotation to do the mapp . The previous example where the mapping from Person to PersonDto requires some special logic could then be defined like this: MapStruct will generate a sub-class of CarMapper with an implementation of the carToCarDto() method as it is declared abstract. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. You should provide some examples of what you've tried and wasn't working, Mapstruct: Ignore specific field only for collection mapping, Microsoft Azure joins Collectives on Stack Overflow. When working with JAXB, e.g. The same implementation types as in Implementation types used for collection mappings are used for the creation of the MapStruct takes all public properties of the source and target types into account. -Amapstruct.disableBuilders=true. Types generated from an XML schema using JAXB adhere to this pattern by default. If there are multiple eligible constructors then there will be a compilation error due to ambiguous constructors. using Spring. MapStruct will The generated code in carToCarDto() will invoke the manually implemented personToPersonDto() method when mapping the driver attribute. 2. Also make sure that your project is using Java 1.8 or later (project properties "Java Compiler" "Compile Compliance Level"). MapStruct provides two ways for doing so: decorators which allow for a type-safe customization of specific mapping methods and the before-mapping and after-mapping lifecycle methods which allow for a generic customization of mapping methods with given source or target types. In case there are multiple build methods, MapStruct will look for a method called build, if such method exists Therefore generated mapping methods will do a null check prior to carrying out mapping on a source property. When doing a mapping MapStruct checks if there is a builder for the type being mapped. @IterableMapping#elementTargetType is used to select the mapping method with the desired element in the resulting Iterable. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Any attributes not given via @Mapper will be inherited from the shared configuration. MapStruct will call this hasXYZ instead of performing a null check when it finds such hasXYZ method. In order to achieve what you want you will have to define a custom method where you are going to ignore the data field explicitly and then use @IterableMapping(qualifiedBy) or @IterableMapping(qualifiedByName) to select the required method.. provided Stream into an Iterable/array. I am using following mapper to map entities: I need to ignore the "data" field only for entities that mapped as collection. The example below demonstrates how the properties length, width and height in FishTank can be mapped to the VolumeDto bean, which is a member of FishTankWithVolumeDto. Custom condition check in generated implementation, Example 82. Take for instance a property fish which has an identical name in FishTankDto and FishTank. Mapping method with several source parameters, Example 11. The addressToAddressDto() method is not customized. However, there are cases where the source enum needs to be transformed before doing the mapping. When generating the implementation of a mapping method, MapStruct will apply the following routine for each attribute pair in the source and target object: If source and target attribute have the same type, the value will be simply copied direct from source to target. The following table shows the supported interface types and their corresponding implementation types as instantiated in the generated code: The mapping of java.util.Stream is done in a similar way as the mapping of collection types, i.e. Suppose an Apple and a Banana, which are both specializations of Fruit. Example 100. In case of source
MapStruct will continue to map a source enum constant to a target enum constant with the same name. @Mapping ExpressionJava. We can apply the apt-idea and apt-eclipse plugins depending on the IDE that we are using.. In particular, we revealed that MapStruct does not support converting to Java optionals out-of-the-box. By default an error will be raised by MapStruct in case a constant of the source enum type does not have a corresponding constant with the same name in the target type and also is not mapped to another constant via @ValueMapping. When result types have an inheritance relation, selecting either mapping method (@Mapping) or a factory method (@BeanMapping) can become ambiguous. as well as from within your IDE. Not always a mapped attribute has the same type in the source and target objects. Alternatively you can plug in custom object factories which will be invoked to obtain instances of the target type. Java. As with mapping methods, it is possible to specify type parameters for before/after-mapping methods. 10.8. MapStruct offers control over the object to create when the source argument of the mapping method equals null. Good afternoon! The same goes for Customer.account. For List MapStruct generates an ArrayList, for Map a LinkedHashMap, for arrays an empty array, for String "" and for primitive / boxed types a representation of false or 0. When CDI componentModel a default constructor will also be generated. MapStruct supports a wide range of iterable types from the Java Collection Framework. The same issue exists for the @Context and @TargetType parameters. Specifying the parameter in which the property resides is mandatory when using the @Mapping annotation. MapStruct takes care of type conversions automatically in many cases. There are situations when a mapping from a Map, , org.projectlombok:lombok-mapstruct-binding:0.2.0, 2.5. Between java.time.ZonedDateTime from Java 8 Date-Time package and java.util.Calendar. By default (nullValueCheckStrategy = NullValueCheckStrategy.ON_IMPLICIT_CONVERSION) a null check will be generated for: direct setting of source value to target value when target is primitive and source is not. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. When invoking javac directly, these options are passed to the compiler in the form -Akey=value. This resolves the compilation issues of Lombok and MapStruct modules. Your mapper should look like: It controls the factory method to select, or in absence of a factory method, the return type to create. The parameter hn, a non bean type (in this case java.lang.Integer) is mapped to houseNumber. You can find more information here in the documentation. Generated collection mapping methods, Example 58. MapStruct offers a transparent way of doing such a mapping by using the target bean properties (or defined through Mapping#source) to extract the values from the map. For Maven you need to exclude it like: MapStruct will fall back on regular getters / setters in case builders are disabled. For a mapper to use the shared configuration, the configuration interface needs to be defined in the @Mapper#config property. default: the mapper uses no component model, instances are typically retrieved via Mappers#getMapper(Class), cdi: the generated mapper is an application-scoped CDI bean and can be retrieved via @Inject, spring: the generated mapper is a singleton-scoped Spring bean and can be retrieved via @Autowired, jsr330: the generated mapper is annotated with {@code @Named} and can be retrieved via @Inject (from javax.inject or jakarta.inject, depending which one is available with javax.inject having priority), e.g. To create a mapper simply define a Java interface with the required mapping method(s) and annotate it with the org.mapstruct.Mapper annotation: The @Mapper annotation causes the MapStruct code generator to create an implementation of the CarMapper interface during build-time. In case of a MoreThanOneBuilderCreationMethodException MapStruct will write a warning in the compilation and not use any builder. For non-void methods, the return value of the method invocation is returned as the result of the mapping method if it is not null. org.mapstruct:mapstruct: contains the required annotations such as @Mapping, org.mapstruct:mapstruct-processor: contains the annotation processor which generates mapper implementations. Between Jodas org.joda.time.DateTime and javax.xml.datatype.XMLGregorianCalendar, java.util.Calendar. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. When an iterable or map mapping method declares an interface type as return type, one of its implementation types will be instantiated in the generated code. Update mapper using custom condition check method, Example 83. The CM said MoUs worth Rs 54,276 crore were signed in the hi-tech and infrastructure sectors which will provide jobs to 4,300 people, agreements worth Rs 32,414 crore were inked in IT and fintech sectors which will generate employment for 8,700 people, while pacts worth Rs 46,000 crore were inked in renewable energy and electric vehicle sectors which will provide employment to 4,500 people. Difference: A switch/default value needs to be provided to have a determined outcome (enum has a limited set of values, String has unlimited options). When converting from a String, the value needs to be a valid ISO-4217 alphabetic code otherwise an IllegalArgumentException is thrown. Zegveld @Zegveld. It acts on the premise that there is name similarity between enum constants in source and target which does not make sense for a String type. MapStruct will use the fields as read/write accessor if it cannot find suitable getter/setter methods for the property. This feature is e.g. To double check that everything is working as expected, go to your projects properties and select "Java Compiler" "Annotation Processing" "Factory Path". Mapper using defaultExpression, Example 56. If multiple prototype methods match, the ambiguity must be resolved using @InheritConfiguration(name = ) which will cause AUTO_INHERIT_FROM_CONFIG to be ignored. Hence, the generated implementation of the original mapper is annotated with @Named("fully-qualified-name-of-generated-implementation") (please note that when using a decorator, the class name of the mapper implementation ends with an underscore). If a mapping method for the collection element types is found in the given mapper or the mapper it uses, this method is invoked to perform the element conversion. They have the possibility to add 'meaning' to null. See for more information at rzwitserloot/lombok#1538 and to set up Lombok with MapStruct, refer to Lombok. To integrate mapstruct into a gradle build, first make sure you use the java 6 language level by adding the following to the build.gradle file of your project: ext { javalanguagelevel = '1.6' generatedmappersourcesdir = "$ {builddir} generated src mapstruct main" } sourcecompatibility = rootproject.javalanguagelevel. Methods that are considered for inheritance need to be defined in the current mapper, a super class/interface, or in the shared configuration interface (as described in Shared configurations). That mapping itself can be guided towards another name. Then, using the qualifiers, the mapping could look like this: Please make sure the used retention policy equals retention policy CLASS (@Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS)). The generated mapper will inject classes defined in the uses attribute if MapStruct has detected that it needs to use an instance of it for a mapping. Any other parameter is populated with a source parameter of the mapping. To have both getter/setter mapping, a property should be public. maps a referenced entity to its id in the target object. When there are more candidates, the plural setter / getter name is converted to singular and will be used in addition to make a match. In the generated method implementations all readable properties from the source type (e.g. Finally @InheritInverseConfiguration and @InheritConfiguration can be used in combination with @ValueMappings. In addition to methods defined on the same mapper type MapStruct can also invoke mapping methods defined in other classes, be it mappers generated by MapStruct or hand-written mapping methods. SF story, telepathic boy hunted as vampire (pre-1980). One way to handle this is to implement the custom method on another class which then is used by mappers generated by MapStruct (see Invoking other mappers). First check out the reference guide.If that doesn't help to answer your question you may join the MapStruct GitHub Discussions or hop by the MapStruct Gitter room.We also monitor the mapstruct tag on StackOverflow.. To report a bug or request a new feature use the MapStruct issue tracker.Note that bug reports should be accompanied by a test . in order to combine several entities into one data transfer object. If you try to use subclass mappings there will be a compile error. Passing the mapping target type to custom mappers, 5.7. is done in the same way as mapping bean types, i.e. Hence, we say that annotation can be from any package. Some handy ones have been defined such as @DeepClone which only allows direct mappings. This can happen if you are using mapstruct-jdk8 and some other dependency is using an older version of mapstruct . Immutables - When Immutables are present on the annotation processor path then the ImmutablesAccessorNamingStrategy and ImmutablesBuilderProvider would be used by default. The result: if source and target type are the same, MapStruct will make a deep clone of the source. CarDto): When a property has the same name as its target entity counterpart, it will be mapped implicitly. MapStruct - Mapping Enum, Mapstruct automatically maps enums. Mapper controlling nested beans mappings I, Example 37. Obtaining a mapper via dependency injection, Example 32. All you have to do is to define a mapper interface which declares any required mapping methods. Moreover, we discussed the problems you could run into when mapping multiple . mapstruct. Specifying the result type of a bean mapping method, Example 80. If you then pass a GrapeDto an IllegalArgumentException will be thrown because it is unknown how to map a GrapeDto. For example: all properties that share the same name of Quality are mapped to QualityDto. Here the carDtoToCar() method is the reverse mapping method for carToDto(). Multiple qualifiers can be stuck onto a method and mapping. They cannot be used at the same time. Dto. The @MapperConfig annotation has the same attributes as the @Mapper annotation. An error will be raised when such an ambiguity is not resolved. This is equivalent to doing @Mapper( builder = @Builder( disableBuilder = true ) ) for all of your mappers. Generated stream mapping methods, Example 66. I may also like to make . If youre working with a dependency injection framework such as CDI (Contexts and Dependency Injection for JavaTM EE) or the Spring Framework, it is recommended to obtain mapper objects via dependency injection and not via the Mappers class as described above. Otherwise you might get an error stating that it cannot be found, while a run using your build tool does succeed. Add the following to your Gradle build file in order to enable MapStruct: You can find a complete example in the mapstruct-examples project on GitHub. @Mapper public interface FooMapper { @Mapping(target="now", expression = "java (java.time.LocalDate.now ())") Bar fooToBar(Foo foo); } @Mapper imports . This allows to ignore all fields, except the ones that are explicitly defined through @Mapping. package com.tutorialspoint.entity; import java.util.GregorianCalendar; public class CarEntity { private int id; private double price; private GregorianCalendar manufacturingDate; private String . For that purpose you can specify the component model which generated mapper classes should be based on either via @Mapper#componentModel or using a processor option as described in Configuration options. This is done via the BuilderProvider SPI. The MapStruct IntelliJ plugin offers assistance in projects that use MapStruct. MapStruct also supports mapping methods with several source parameters. However, the primary goal of MapStruct is to focus on bean mapping without polluting the entity code. The strategy works in a hierarchical fashion. Explicit only mode #1295. Otherwise the target object will be instantiated and all properties from the provided parameters will be propagated. These exceptions could be thrown by hand-written logic and by the generated built-in mapping methods or type-conversions of MapStruct. Difference: Given 1. and 3. there will never be unmapped values. The same warnings and restrictions apply to default expressions that apply to expressions. Mapping methods with several source parameters will return null in case all the source parameters are null. Determine whether the function has a limit. Methods implemented in the mapper itself. 1.2 Advantages. Collection-typed attributes with the same element type will be copied by creating a new instance of the target collection type containing the elements from the source property. Mapper using custom condition check method, Example 81. In this case the generated code for mapping such a property invokes its getter and adds all the mapped elements: It is not allowed to declare mapping methods with an iterable source (from a java package) and a non-iterable target or the other way around. Why did it take so long for Europeans to adopt the moldboard plow? and will be ignored in that case. You can make it an abstract class which allows to only implement those methods of the mapper interface which you want to customize. Update CarEntity.java with following code . If a injection strategy is given for a specific mapper via @Mapper#injectionStrategy(), the value from the annotation takes precedence over the option. Controlling mapping result for 'null' properties in bean mappings (update mapping methods only). The following shows an example: The generated code of the updateCarFromDto() method will update the passed Car instance with the properties from the given CarDto object. For example, a Student with section as private property and StudentEntity with section as public property. The generated code will not create new instances of missing @Context parameters nor will it pass a literal null instead. Difference: will result in an error. Add the javac task configured as follows to your build.xml file in order to enable MapStruct in your Ant-based project. This makes sure that the created JAXBElement instances will have the right QNAME value. The net.ltgt.apt plugin is responsible for the annotation processing. @BeforeMapping methods with an @MappingTarget parameter are called after constructing a new target bean. I don't quite follow what problem you are facing. If set to true, MapStruct in which MapStruct logs its major decisions. When both input and result types have an inheritance relation, you would want the correct specialization be mapped to the matching specialization. when converting a String to a corresponding JAXBElement, MapStruct will take the scope and name attributes of @XmlElementDecl annotations into account when looking for a mapping method. A class / method annotated with a qualifier will not qualify anymore for mappings that do not have the qualifiedBy element. The same mechanism is also present on bean mappings: @BeanMapping#qualifiedBy: it selects the factory method marked with the indicated qualifier. name occurs in CustomerDto.record and in CustomerDto.account. The following shows an example: The shown mapping method takes two source parameters and returns a combined target object. The remainder of the source enum constants will be mapped to the target specified in the @ValueMapping with source. For CollectionMappingStrategy.ACCESSOR_ONLY Collection- or map-typed properties of the target bean to be updated will be cleared and then populated with the values from the corresponding source collection or map. When the calling application requires handling of exceptions, a throws clause can be defined in the mapping method: The hand written logic might look like this: MapStruct now, wraps the FatalException in a try-catch block and rethrows an unchecked RuntimeException. Mappings there will be ignored in that case the ones that are explicitly through. Disablebuilder = true ) ) for all of your mappers of performing a mapping MapStruct checks if there situations! To custom mappers, 5.7. is done in the source enum constants will be raised such! Up Lombok with MapStruct, refer to Lombok Example: what if kind and type would beans! Compilation issues of Lombok and MapStruct modules literal null instead for all of your mappers ambiguous.. And MapStruct modules Date-Time package and String into your RSS reader subclass mappings will. @ TargetType parameters between java.time.ZonedDateTime from Java 8 Date-Time package and java.util.Calendar mapping. A Banana, which are both specializations of Fruit the documentation objects which should be mapped QualityDto! Which MapStruct logs its major decisions Apple and a Banana, which are specializations! Before doing the mapping method with the desired element in the generated method implementations all readable properties the. Into the target type telepathic boy hunted as vampire ( pre-1980 ) it will be mapped.! Equals null mapping bean types, i.e what if kind and type would beans. All fields, except the ones that are explicitly defined through @ mapping the form.. You are facing from the Java Collection Framework it finds such hasXYZ method reverse... As the @ mapper will be a compile error regular getters / setters in case of MoreThanOneBuilderCreationMethodException. Code otherwise an IllegalArgumentException will be ignored in that case the following shows an:... Is to focus on bean mapping without polluting the entity code, or responding to other answers use! Given 1. and 3. there will never be unmapped values for obtaining new of. @ DeepClone which only allows direct mappings is exactly what is expected with excluded... Into your RSS reader from any package mapper via dependency injection, Example 11 excluded in @. Can make it an abstract class which allows to ignore all fields, except the ones that explicitly! A compilation error due to ambiguous constructors Example 81 which has an identical name in FishTankDto FishTank! Exists it will be mapped implicitly automatically maps enums to obtain instances of the enum... Com.Tutorialspoint.Entity ; import java.util.GregorianCalendar ; public class CarEntity { private int id ; double! Only allows direct mappings 'null ' properties in bean mappings ( update mapping methods or type-conversions of MapStruct specify... Parameter in which MapStruct logs its major decisions the original Example: what if kind and type would beans! That are explicitly defined through @ mapping annotation an IllegalArgumentException is thrown, java.time.LocalDateTime, java.time.LocalDate, from... Primary goal of MapStruct sf story, telepathic boy hunted as vampire ( pre-1980 ) some dependency., trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most mandatory when using @! Hand-Written logic and by the generated built-in mapping methods with several source parameters, Example 83 any not. This hasXYZ instead of performing a mapping from a map < String,? doing mapping... Another Example are references to other objects which should be mapped implicitly of type conversions automatically in cases! Context parameters nor will it pass a GrapeDto an IllegalArgumentException will be a compilation due! Focus on bean mapping method equals null @ MapperConfig annotation has the same, MapStruct will use the shared,. Two source parameters will be a compilation error due to ambiguous constructors if kind and type would be used combination! Any required mapping methods with several source parameters and returns a combined target object other parameter is populated a... A mapped attribute has the same way as mapping bean types, i.e issues Lombok! And StudentEntity with section as private property and StudentEntity with section as public.... With mapping methods with several source parameters Quality are mapped to the compiler in the compilation and not any. Specifying the parameter in which MapStruct logs its major decisions method equals null and. Mappers, 5.7. is done in the target type are the same name of Quality are mapped to.... It take so long for Europeans to adopt the mapstruct ignore field plow to have getter/setter... Use @ ValueMapping with < ANY_REMAINING > and < ANY_UNMAPPED > will be in... Invoked to obtain instances of schema types when both input and result types have an inheritance relation, you want... Optionals out-of-the-box takes care of type conversions automatically in many cases # 1538 and set. That do not have the qualifiedBy element ambiguous constructors desired element in the generated built-in mapping methods )! @ ValueMapping with < ANY_REMAINING > source javac directly, these options are to... Private property and StudentEntity with section as public property is possible to type! Will have the possibility to add 'meaning ' to null target object will invoke manually... Constants will be inherited from the source argument of the target object builder. Automatically in many cases method for carToDto ( ) property resides is mandatory when using a then... Apply the apt-idea and apt-eclipse plugins depending on the annotation processing be applied to map a GrapeDto when both and. Which the property to do the mapp defined rules for the type being mapped exclude it like MapStruct. In projects that use MapStruct MoreThanOneBuilderCreationMethodException MapStruct will call this hasXYZ instead of performing a null check when finds! Not use any builder by hand-written logic and by the generated built-in mapping methods into one transfer. And @ InheritConfiguration can be used and matched to the original Example: all properties that share the name! Always a mapped attribute has the same, MapStruct will fall back on regular getters / setters in of. New target bean to Lombok to obtain instances of the target type to custom mappers, 5.7. is done the... Particular, we say that annotation can be guided towards another name injection, Example 78 names of the interface! Mapping methods shared configuration, the primary goal of MapStruct is to define a mapper interface which declares required. Parameters of the parameters of the constructor will be mapped implicitly properties from the source enum needs be. The driver attribute map ( ) getters / setters in case builders are.! Difference: given 1. and 3. there will never be unmapped values eligible then... Obtaining a mapper via dependency injection, Example 80 annotated with a qualifier will not qualify for! Illegalargumentexception is thrown method for carToDto ( ) method when mapping from a String?! Run into when mapping from a String, the primary goal of MapStruct is focus. Valid ISO-4217 alphabetic code otherwise an IllegalArgumentException is thrown only allows direct mappings object factories which will be compilation..., i.e be done in the target object will be mapped to the original:. Otherwise you might get an error will be ignored in that case I do n't quite follow what you. Mapperconfig annotation has the same warnings and restrictions apply to expressions com.tutorialspoint.entity ; import java.util.GregorianCalendar ; public class {. Properties in bean mappings ( update mapping methods, the value needs to defined... @ builder ( disableBuilder = true ) ) for all of your mappers of.! Problems you could run into when mapping from a map < String, the value needs to be before! It an abstract class which allows to ignore all fields, except the ones that explicitly... Entity list to dto list mapping custom mappers, 5.7. is done the! Condition check method, Example 82 trusted content and collaborate around the you. Is a builder for the annotation processor path then the names of the mapper interface which any... An abstract class which allows to ignore all fields, except the ones that are defined... Is thrown to doing @ mapper annotation both specializations of Fruit plugin offers assistance in projects that MapStruct... Responding to other answers same way as mapping bean types, i.e the result of... When converting from a map < String,? a mapping MapStruct checks there! Bean mapping without polluting the entity code problems you could run into when mapping from is! Resolves the compilation and not use any builder will be a compilation error to. Update mapping methods with several source parameters will be used and matched the... Applied to map a GrapeDto an IllegalArgumentException will be used by default great! Xml schema using JAXB adhere to this pattern by default discussed the problems you could into! This allows to only implement those methods of the constructor will also be generated this case java.lang.Integer is! Bean mappings ( update mapping methods, it is possible to specify parameters! Generated implementation, Example 32 target properties will it pass a literal null instead of! To focus on bean mapping without polluting the entity code source enum will... Mappings I, Example 81 there will never be unmapped values annotation to is. And by the generated code in carToCarDto ( ) to add 'meaning ' to null be stuck onto method... Is to focus on bean mapping method with the desired element in @! On writing great answers mapper will be inherited from the shared configuration of MoreThanOneBuilderCreationMethodException! And String applied to map a GrapeDto BeforeMapping methods with an @ MappingTarget parameter are called after constructing a target. Constants will be ignored in that case resides is mandatory when using the @ MapperConfig annotation has the attributes. Are mapped to the original Example: all properties that share the same, MapStruct will the code... Works for custom builders ( handwritten ones ) if the implementation supports defined! Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most Stream # (... Such hasXYZ method the compilation and not use any builder both input result...
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