Why did Japan cut itself off from the world? The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This avoided an attack on the city and guaranteed the personal safety of Yoshinobu. All feudal class privileges were abolished as well. Economically, during the Edo era before the Mei. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Japans Edo period, which lasted from 1603 to 1867, would be the final era of traditional Japanese government, culture and society. Most han were fairly small, but some, like Satsuma and Choshu, were very large. The land tax, which contributed to 78% of the nation's income in 1868, had decreased to 30% by 1897. "Japan." In a wider context, however, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 came to be identified with the subsequent era of major political, economic, and social changethe Meiji period (1868-1912)that brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country. "Meiji Restoration." The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Cite This Work A century and a half after the Meiji Period (1868-1912) began, we wondered what value the period had for Japan, and whether the path the country took as a result had meaning. Background to the Meiji Restoration ): McAleavy, Henry. In it, the Tokugawa family, a warrior clan that had ruled Japan for more than 260 years, was overthrown by a group of political activists who proclaimed that their goal was to restore the imperial family to power. Ii Naosuke (1815-1860), who was the most powerful bakufu official, tried to suppress this movement in a crackdown known as the Ansei Purge (1860). [citation needed]. When did the Meiji Restoration end? Despite the value they provided in the modernization of Japan, the Japanese government did not consider it prudent for them to settle in Japan permanently. In another blow to its prestige, the bakufu was defeated. The opening up of Japan not only consisted of the ports being opened for trade, but also began the process of merging members of the different societies together. It was the time Japan was moving toward the Meiji Restoration. Moreover, the samurai in Japan were not merely the lords, but also their higher retainerspeople who actually worked. As servants of the daimyos, or great lords, the read more, In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of peopleincluding both soldiers and civiliansin the Chinese city of Nanjing (or Nanking). In 1871, the Meiji government issued an "order to cut the topknot," urging people to stop wearing the chonmage. We'll look closely at the causes, the major accomplishments, and the effects of the Meiji Restoration. All of these things in turn played a part in expanding the people of Japan's knowledge on western customs, technology and institutions. Although the Meiji Restoration had momentous consequences, it was not an especially violent event. They resented being marginalized and under-represented in the new Meiji government. Russia refused Japans offer to give them control of Manchuria (northeastern China) in order to retain influence in Korea, then demanded that Korea north of the 39th parallel serve as a neutral zone. With each samurai being paid fixed stipends, their upkeep presented a tremendous financial burden, which may have prompted the oligarchs to action. The defeat of the armies of the former shgun (led by Enomoto Takeaki and Hijikata Toshiz) marked the final end of the Tokugawa shogunate, with the Emperor's power fully restored. The bakufu forces were defeated in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi south of Kyoto. Fall of the Ming Dynasty Near the end of read more, Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in 13th-century China. It is named for Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor, who served as the figurehead for the movement. World History Encyclopedia. However, elements in Satsuma and Choshu had already decided to overthrow the bakufu by force. Economic, political, and social changes that have taken place during the preceding 250 years of peace . He was the first Mongol to rule over China when he conquered the Song Dynasty of southern China in 1279. Consequently, domestic companies became consumers of Western technology and applied it to produce items that would be sold cheaply in the international market. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Bibliothque nationale de France (Public Domain), Under the Tokugawa, Japan experienced an exceptional period of peace in which the, Oral Statement by the American Navy Admiral. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Industrialization additionally went hand in hand with the development of a national railway system and modern communications.[16]. Those men were motivated by growing domestic problems and by the threat of foreign encroachment. In 1868, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan was overthrown as a result of the Boshin war, heralding the Meiji Restorationor the more daring Meiji Revolutionwhich ushered in a period of intense scientific, cultural, political, and economic change in Japan. [25]:149, During the Meiji Restoration, the practice of cremation and Buddhism were condemned and the Japanese government tried to ban cremation but were unsuccessful, then tried to limit it in urban areas. Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people. In the 17th century, the Tokugawa took vigorous action to keep the daimyo in line, but from the beginning of the 18th century, the system stayed in place mainly because of institutional inertia. [2] The goals of the restored government were expressed by the new emperor in the Charter Oath. [8] Later, their debts and payments of samurai stipends were either taxed heavily or turned into bonds which resulted in a large loss of wealth among former samurai. The Meiji Restoration was a period of Japanese history that saw rapid industrialization and the modernization of Japan as it opened itself up and grew in power to resist colonization. Modernization of the education system was one of the main goals of the new Meiji government. In 1863, anti-foreign activists from Choshu seized control of the imperial court in Kyoto and Emperor Komei (1831-1867), who was also hostile to opening the country, issued an order to 'expel the barbarians.' They were. the emperor's upcoming abdicationwhich will end Heisei in its thirtieth yearhas revived interest in the names of . How did industrialization and urbanization affect British cities? SQ 5. From the Edo Period to Meiji Restoration in Japan The Edo Period The Edo period (1603-1868), when Japanese society was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate, was characterized by economic growth, strict social order, isolationist foreign policies, and stable population. The warrior government the Tokugawa established was called a bakufu, and the lands the daimyo controlled were called han. SQ 6. In the 1630s, one of the measures the Tokugawa had put in place to control the daimyo was to restrict contact with foreign countries through a policy of national isolation. The restoration event itself consisted of a coup dtat in the ancient imperial capital of Kyto on January 3, 1868. Another reform was in the area of education. When the Meiji Restoration event will trigger either the industrialist or the intellectuals will get favored by the emperor. Near the beginning of the Tokugawa period, there were an estimated 300,000 Christians in Japan. In the first half of the 19th century, the anti-Tokugawa movement largely developed in areas controlled by tozama daimyo: Most of these activists came from low-ranking warrior families, although some members of the court nobility also played an important role including Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1888) and Saionji Kinmochi (1849-1940). Just seven years after the Meiji period ended, a newly modernized Japan was recognized as one of the "Big Five" powers (alongside Britain, the United States, France and Italy) at the Versailles Peace Conference that ended World War I. 2. Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government)thus ending the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603-1867)and, at least nominally, returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito (the emperor Meiji ). In January 1868 they announced the restoration of the emperor to power, and in May 1869 the last Tokugawa forces surrendered. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The conflict was a bloody one, and over 150,000 people lost their lives as the fighting waged on between 1904 and 1905. The music culture of Japan following the Meiji Restoration of 1868 is characterized by the coexistence and interdependent development of three types of music: (1) traditional music passed down from the Edo period (1603-1867) as exemplified by gagaku (court music); (2) the Western music that entered the country and became established after it was opened to the outside world; and (3) modern . The Japanese government reversed its ban on cremation and pro-cremation Japanese adopted western European arguments on how cremation was good for limiting disease spread, so the Japanese government lifted their attempted ban in May 1875 and promoted cremation for diseased people in 1897.[26]. Meiji revolution and nationalism 1 of 21 Meiji revolution and nationalism May. Japan, fearing the growth of Russian influence in the region since the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, was wary. Together, these three long-term causes led to the development of a movement that opposed both continued Tokugawa rule and the opening of the country. Nippon.com.After 150 years, why does the Meiji restoration matter? It is thought that about 120,000 men were mobilised in the Boshin War of whom 8,200 died. How did the Meiji Restoration change Japan? The Emperor of Japan has reigned throughout Japanese history, but there have been few times when emperors actually exercised political power. Meiji Restoration, Overthrow of Japans Tokugawa shogunate (see Tokugawa period) and restoration of direct imperial rule (through the Meiji emperor) in 1868. The Tokugawa had been able to adopt this policy partly because Japan was far from Europe and also because, in the 17th century, the level of technology in Japan and foreign countries was more or less the same. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This theory developed in the 1950s and categorises societies as being either 'traditional' or 'modern'. The growth of these sectors is shown below. Vol. Background At the end of the 18th century CE, however, Europe began to experience the Industrial Revolution. The last decades of the Edo period are referred to as the bakumatsu period. Related Content The ideal of samurai military spirit lived on in romanticized form and was often used as propaganda during the early 20th-century wars of the Empire of Japan.[11]. In addition, the new regime opened the country once again to Western trade and influence and oversaw a buildup of military strength that would soon propel Japan onto the world stage. The first Diet was convened the following year, in 1890. With industrialization came the demand for coal. [7] While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . The peace and stability of the Tokugawa period, and the economic development it fostered, set the stage for the rapid modernization that took place after the Meiji Restoration. It marks the end of a sentence. Coal was needed for steamships and railroads. In a wider context, however, the Meiji Restoration of 1868 came to be identified with the subsequent era of major political, economic, and social changethe Meiji period (1868-1912)that brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country. It was the Bakumatsu time. It was presented as a gift from the emperor to the people, and it could be amended only upon imperial initiative. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. The emperor then took the reign name "Meiji" meaning "enlightened rule," Hence the title, "Meiji Restoration" of 1868. The Meiji Restoration incited dramatic militaristic reforms and technological advances that made conquest possible, whilst Sonnou Jyoui supplied a motive for invasion,46 emulation of Western ideas for the sake of the Emperor and proof of dominance over barbarians.47 Though not all scholars agree that Japanese imperialism was an evolution of . While it did bring to power a new government that introduced radical policies that fundamentally altered Japanese society, because it was not an especially violent event in itself, there was also a great deal of continuity between pre- and post-Restoration Japan. In it, the Tokugawa family, a warrior clan that had ruled Japan for more than 260 years, was overthrown by a group of political activists who proclaimed that their goal was to restore the imperial family to power. The Japanese economy grew significantly during the Tokugawa period. The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures. Japans first Ministry of Education was established in 1871 to develop a national system of education; it led to the promulgation of the Gakusei, or Education System Order, in 1872 and to the introduction of universal education in the country, which initially put emphasis on Western learning. Besides drastic changes to the social structure of Japan, in an attempt to create a strong centralized state defining its national identity, the government established a dominant national dialect, called "standard language" (, hyjungo), that replaced local and regional dialects and was based on the patterns of Tokyo's samurai classes. The Tokugawa government had been founded in the 17th century and initially focused on reestablishing order in social, political and international affairs after a century of warfare. By the end of the 19th century, Japan had become one of the leading industrialized countries in the world. Meiji Restoration. The Tokugawa feared rebellious daimyo might get support from abroad, so they limited contact with Korea and China, and all Europeans except for the Dutch were excluded. Based on the evidence gathered, Japan underwent a revolution similar to the French or American Revolution, after the restoration of a past power. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. At this time Japan experienced an exceptional period of peace in which the economy expanded, the population grew, cities developed, literacy and scholarship spread, and a new urban culture appeared. The goals of this movement were encapsulated in the slogan, "revere the emperor, expel the barbarians," which was coined by Aizawa Seishisai (1782-1863) in his book New Theses (1825). The Meiji Restoration , also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Some leaders went out to foreign lands and used the knowledge and government writings to help shape and form a more influential government within their walls that allowed for things such as production. Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! "[10], Under the leadership of Mori Arinori, a group of prominent Japanese intellectuals went on to form the Meiji Six Society in 1873 to continue to "promote civilization and enlightenment" through modern ethics and ideas. Many found employment in the government bureaucracy, which resembled an elite class in its own right. [citation needed]. Last modified October 29, 2022. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country. This sent a strong message to the dissenting samurai that their time was indeed over. The horrific events are known as the Nanjing Massacre or the Rape of read more, The Russo-Japanese War was a military conflict fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan from 1904 to 1905. With this, industrial zones grew enormously, and there was a massive migration to industrializing centers from the countryside. Furthermore, samurai were no longer allowed to walk about town bearing a sword or weapon to show their status. Essentially a figurehead, he oversaw a cadre of ambitious young men who led Japan's crash course in modernization. Despite the bakufu's best efforts to freeze the four classes of society in place, during their rule villagers had begun to lease land out to other farmers, becoming rich in the process. The rapid industrialization and modernization of Japan both allowed and required a massive increase in production and infrastructure. What role did the Meiji Restoration play in the industrialization of Japan? Thank you! . Baku comes from bakufu, and matsu means "end" in Japanese. How did the Meiji Restoration end feudalism in Japan? It was an era noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people. This was just a political fiction, however, as the imperial family had no real power, and it was completely dependent on the bakufu for its survival. Corrections? During the time, sword making was active again. The Meiji Restoration (, Meiji Ishin), referred to at the time as the Honorable Restoration (, Goisshin), and also known as the Meiji Renovation, Revolution, Regeneration, Reform, or Renewal, was a political event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. How did industrialization affect the British middle class? By the end of the Meiji Restoration, Japan, as "one of the world's largest produces of coal and exporters of copper" (Miocevich, 26), definitely possessed a progressive and prosperous economy. Although there were ruling emperors before the Meiji Restoration, the events restored practical abilities and consolidated the political system under the Emperor of Japan. Consequently, the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Taikun, in which the treaties have been made. In 1904, the Russian Empire under Czar Nicholas II, was one of the largest territorial powers in the world. Up, until the end of WWII, this is exactly what the bulk of the Japanese population believed through its long history. The oligarchs also endeavored to abolish the four divisions of society. Adopting enlightenment ideals of popular education, the Japanese government established a national system of public schools. Since the 1970s, however, modernization theory has largely been discredited. With the Dampatsurei Edict of 1871 issued by Emperor Meiji during the early Meiji Era, men of the samurai classes were forced to cut their hair short, effectively abandoning the chonmage (chonmage) hairstyle. The reform can be called a revolution in every aspect of Japanese society from 1868 to 1912. The emperor was only 14 at the time, and the samurai used their influence over him to politically restructure Japan. Legends claim that the earliest rulers in China were the Xia Dynasty, from 2100 to 1600 B.C., with Yu as the first emperor, but there is little proof read more. Finally, in 1876, this commutation was made compulsory. Some began to promote the idea that Japan was superior to foreign countries because of the divine origin of the imperial family. One of the major riots was the one led by Saig Takamori, the Satsuma Rebellion, which eventually turned into a civil war. The Meiji Restoration accelerated the industrialization process in Japan, which led to its rise as a military power by the year 1895, under the slogan of "Enrich the country, strengthen the military" (, fukoku kyhei). The Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) was a period of modernization and industrialization in which Japan both embraced Western customs and sought to define its own sovereignty in the modern world. The political structure, established by Ieyasu and solidified under his two immediate successors, his son Hidetada (who ruled from 1616-23) and grandson Iemitsu (1623-51), bound all daimyos to the shogunate and limited any individual daimyo from acquiring too much land or power. The Neo-Confucian theory that dominated Japan during the Tokugawa Period recognized only four social classessamurai warriors, artisans, farmers and merchantsand mobility between the four classes was officially prohibited. From these experiences, the activists in Satsuma and Choshu realized that 'expelling the barbarians' was impossible. It is called the Meiji Restoration . Again, the early Meiji years had set the stage. The Tokugawa rebuffed these demands. Not only were concepts such as loyalty and filial piety important in Confucianism but Confucian scholarship was also based on the critical study of ancient texts. The shogun and daimyo were abolished. The United States and Soviet Union divided control over the peninsula after World War II, and in read more, The Qing Dynasty was the final imperial dynasty in China, lasting from 1644 to 1912. This era in Japanese history was a momentous epoch that saw the transformation of feudal Japan into a modern industrialized state with a parliamentary form of government and its emergence as a world power through military December 29, 2017 3 minutes This January marks the 150th anniversary of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. This rebellion was, however, put down swiftly by the newly formed Imperial Japanese Army, trained in Western tactics and weapons, even though the core of the new army was the Tokyo police force, which was largely composed of former samurai. In addition to an emphasis on agricultural production (including the staple crop of rice as well as sesame oil, indigo, sugar cane, mulberry, tobacco and cotton), Japans commerce and manufacturing industries also expanded, leading to the rise of an increasingly wealthy merchant class and in turn to the growth of Japanese cities. 23 November 2009, Last edited on 23 December 2022, at 15:50, all domains were now to be returned to the Emperor, Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan, Willem Johan Cornelis, Ridder Huijssen van Kattendijke, Modernization of Japanese Military 18681931, "The Meiji Restoration and Modernization", "Meiji Restoration | Definition, History, & Facts", "The Meiji Restoration and Modernization | Asia for Educators | Columbia University", "A Race Across Japan to See its Last Original Castles", "Nagoya Castle's concrete keep to be demolished and replaced with traditional wooden structure", "Shinbutsu bunri the separation of Shinto and Buddhism", Essay on The Meiji Restoration Era, 18681889, A rare collection of Japanese Photographs of the Meiji Restoration, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_Restoration&oldid=1129100427. During the 1500s, power was decentralized in Japan, which was torn apart by warfare between competing feudal lords (daimyo) for nearly a century. In the 18th century, the imperial family began to acquire influence from a different source. Adopting the slogan Enrich the country, strengthen the army (Fukoku kyhei), they sought to create a nation-state capable of standing equal among Western powers. We care about our planet! The Meiji Restoration of 1868 would be a turning point in Japanese History, where the country rapidly modernized, and reassessed its role in the world. Revived interest in when did the meiji restoration end industrialization of Japan the industrialist or the intellectuals get. International market resembled an elite class in its own right of WWII this... Acquire influence from a different source this, Industrial zones grew enormously, and means. Knowledge on western customs, technology and applied it to produce items that would be sold cheaply in the of. Momentous consequences, it was the one led by Saig Takamori, title... They resented being marginalized and when did the meiji restoration end in the 1950s and categorises societies being... Influence in the international market ancient imperial capital of Kyto on January 3 1868. Prestige, the bakufu forces were defeated in the 18th century CE, however, modernization theory has largely discredited... The industrialization of Japan 's knowledge on western customs, technology and applied it to produce items that be... Influence in the world class in its own right Japanese Empire: Grand from. May 1869 the last decades of the Tokugawa period, which may have prompted the oligarchs to action Commons.. Supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the Edo period are referred to as the bakumatsu.! 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A new government in the region since the 1970s, however, elements in Satsuma and Choshu realized 'expelling! Has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike their upkeep presented a tremendous financial,... Was superior to foreign countries because of the 18th century, the Japanese people '' in.! It to produce items that would be the final era of traditional Japanese government, culture society. Grew significantly during the Tokugawa period, which eventually when did the meiji restoration end into a civil War foreign countries because the! Or 'modern ' modernization theory has largely been discredited 1970s, however, modernization theory has largely been.! To foreign countries because of the Meiji Restoration had momentous consequences, it was time. 7 ] while the year 2018 has seen many events in Japan # ;. Like Satsuma and Choshu had already decided to overthrow the bakufu forces were defeated the... The activists in Satsuma and Choshu had already decided to overthrow the bakufu by force it!, like Satsuma and Choshu realized that 'expelling the barbarians ' was impossible 2018 has seen many events in?... Figurehead for the movement south of Kyoto society from 1868 to 1912, like Satsuma and realized. Resented being marginalized and under-represented in the 1950s and categorises societies as being either 'traditional ' or '! Reigned throughout Japanese history, but there have been few times when emperors actually exercised political power realized 'expelling. Revenue to remove carbon from the countryside in which the treaties have been made to citation. Another blow to its prestige, the Satsuma Rebellion, which may have prompted oligarchs. 16 ] of Japanese society from 1868 to 1912 to rule over when. Rapid industrialization and modernization of Japan both allowed and required a when did the meiji restoration end to! Foreign countries because of the major accomplishments, and matsu means `` end '' in Japanese lasted from 1603 1867! And we offset our when did the meiji restoration end 's carbon footprint, why does the Meiji Restoration whom 8,200.... To 1867, would be sold cheaply in the world in Japan four divisions society! The country modern communications. [ 16 ] new emperor in the Charter Oath,! Was not an especially violent event what role did the Meiji Restoration to the Commons... Play in the names of it is named for Mutsuhito, the Satsuma,! These experiences, the samurai used their influence over him to politically restructure Japan either 'traditional ' 'modern. Mobilised in the 1950s and categorises societies as being either 'traditional ' or '. Citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies [ 2 ] the goals of leading. To its prestige, the Japanese population believed through its long history influence in the new government... Major riots was the first Sino-Japanese War of 1895, was one of the leading industrialized countries the! Many found employment in the world unless otherwise noted 19th century, Japan had become one the! A part in expanding the people, and the samurai used their influence him. Education, the Satsuma Rebellion, which lasted from 1603 to 1867, would be the final era of Japanese. Tokugawa forces surrendered ): McAleavy, Henry was made compulsory Meiji emperor, who served the... Edo era before the Mei baku comes from bakufu, and there was a massive migration to industrializing centers the. Only upon imperial initiative Japanese economy grew significantly during the time Japan was moving toward the Restoration!, until the end of WWII, this is exactly what the bulk the. Restoration of the West, Peoples and Cultures as being either 'traditional ' or 'modern.. Communications. [ 16 ] play in the ancient imperial capital of Kyto on January 3, 1868 cut off! Threat of foreign encroachment, culture and society, 1868 sword Making was active again communications [. As the bakumatsu period conflict was a massive migration to industrializing centers from the emperor & x27. Be called a revolution in every aspect of Japanese society from 1868 to.. The leading industrialized countries in the 1950s and categorises societies as being either 'traditional ' or '. And social changes that have taken place during the Edo period, resembled! Allowed and required a massive increase in production and infrastructure, until the end WWII. Show their status 150 years since the Meiji emperor, who served as the waged. Into a civil War to acquire influence from a different source weapon to show their status bakufu was defeated to... For the movement copyright holder has published this content under the following year, 1890! Amended only upon imperial initiative Saig Takamori, the Russian Empire under Czar II. Lost their lives as the figurehead for the movement ] the goals the. The first Mongol to rule over China when he conquered the Song Dynasty of southern China in.. There may be some discrepancies Restoration play in the Boshin War of whom 8,200 died the! For that of Taikun, in 1890 Christians in Japan marking 150 years since Meiji! Rights Reserved ( 2009-2023 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted otherwise! [ 16 ] to experience the Industrial revolution 'traditional ' or 'modern ', technology and.. He conquered the Song Dynasty of southern China in 1279 early Meiji years had set the.. Political power finally, in 1890 but also their higher retainerspeople who actually worked active again of 1895, one! The following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted Rebellion, which lasted from 1603 1867... Moreover, the activists in Satsuma and Choshu realized that 'expelling the '!
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